HANDSTRUCK STAMPS AND CANCELLATIONS

By J. B. MARRIOTT

The London Philatelist February & March 1955

There are valuable articles on most aspects of the early postage stamps and postal history of Trinidad. However, there seems to be room for a study of the handstruck stamps and the cancellations, and this article is designed as a supplement to those already published. It is based on the display with notes, given before the Royal Philatelic Society, London, on December 10, 1953. The handstruck stamps dealt with are those in use before 1851, and the later paid stamps. The cancellations are those in use before 1913. Only Trinidad marks are considered and no attempt has been made to include, for instance, the French anchor and dots and other maritime cancellations, nor the D22 of Ciudad Bolivar.

EARLY HISTORY

TRINIDAD was discovered by Columbus in 1498-an event commemorated by the well known 2d. stamp issued four hundred years later. The early Spanish settlers, apart from a period of relative prosperity about 1700 seem to have led a wretched existence and scarcely any real overall progress was made for nearly three hundred years. In 1733 for instance, the population (exclusive of Indians) was as low as 162 adults of whom 28 were white. Fortunes fell to such a low ebb that in 1740 the colonists complained that they could go to Mass but once a year and then only in clothes borrowed from each other.

In 1780, on the representations of M. St. Laurent a Frenchman from Grenada who had visited the island and recognised its possibilities, the Spanish issued a decree encouraging foreigners to settle in Trinidad. In 1783 a further proclamation was issued and a large influx of settlers resulted. The population rose remarkably, from 300 in 1783 to 18,000 in 1797, the year in which Trinidad surrendered to the British.

EARLY POSTAL HISTORY

It is not surprising, in view of the lack of success of the early Spanish settlers, that nowa­days one comes across no letters dating from that period. However, it is a little more surprising that, despite extensive enquiries both in France as well as in this country, no correspondence seems to be known to philatelists which dates from the period 1783-97.

In fact the earliest letter so far recorded with a Trinidad postal marking is dated 1806, and I do not know of any before that date, even without markings.

The philatelic history of Trinidad begins to take shape after its surrender to the British in 1797. No record has yet come to light of any postal facilities for the military garrison. However, in 1800 there is the first documentary evidence on postal matters. Research at the Record Room of the G.P.O. in London, has revealed the following minute in a volume entitled: Commission Book 1759-1854: "Dec.31 1800 - signed a commission appointing Joseph Galway Esq Deputy Postmaster General of the Island of Trinidad at a salary of Twenty Five Pounds a year to commence from 5 July 1800." In a consolidated list of Deputy Postmasters and Agents abroad, March 1803, from the same source the name is given as Richard Galway, however, but the date of appointment is again given as 5 July 1800. There is no indication that the appointment was an initial one. In fact, the above minute suffers the indignity of being written in the margin of the page, reading upwards. It may well be that a post office was in existence earlier than 1800.

On the other hand the third edition of Robson Lowe's Handstruck Postage Stamps of the Empire 1680-1900 gives 1801 as the year in which the first post office was installed. Unfortunately the source of this information cannot now be traced. Further details of the early postal facilities are given in this volume.

The G.P.O. Appointments Book, 1816 to end of 1850, records under the heading of Agents Abroad the appointment of Elizabeth R. Galway on May 4, 1816, in the room of her husband, deceased. She held the post of Packet Agent until 1858 and her assistant, Mr, James H. O'Brien, was appointed first Colonial Postmaster when Inland Posts were established in 1851. [1]

 

HANDSTRUCK STAMPS

Those in use before 1851 and the later Crowned Circle and Paid Stamps.

1. EARLIEST TRINIDAD DATE STAMP

May 30, 1806, struck in a rather watery brownish ink, is the earliest Trinidad postal marking found so far. It is similar to the later neuron marks, but there seems little doubt, even though the strike is across the letter join, that there is no neuron device. Serifed letters; horizontal diameter about 33 mm. Rate 2s. (to London) marked in manuscript in black. Another similar example is dated 1807.

2. FLEURON DATE STAMPS

There are two types very similar to each other. The first is slightly larger and the word Trinidad is more spaced. The letters are serifed in both types:

FIRST TYPE: Height 31 mm., width 33 mm., letters 4½-5 mm. tall.

SECOND TYPE: Height 28½ mm., width 302 mm., letters 4-4½ mm. tall.

The first type has been found in 1809 and 1814 (both in the same watery brownish ink mentioned above) and between 1818 and 1821. The only 1819 example I have seen has the year written 1189.

The second type occurs between 1822 and 1838. There are three ways of indicating the year: in four figures before 1830, 183 for 1830 and the last three figures (e.g. 838) after 1830. The month is usually given in two letters, but I have seen three used.

The rates marked during this period are as follows:

3. DOUBLE LINE CIRCLE DATE STAMP

The first type is of diameter about 29½ mm. with serifed letters 3½ mm. tall. The copy of this in the proof book at the G.P.O. London is dated JA 4 1840. The copy of the second type, diameter 25 mm., is dated OC 31 1851, so it seems likely that the first type was the date stamp in use until the introduction of adhesives. Two slightly different strikes are known, but I classify them under the same general type. The outer frame line in one is bent inwards a little near the second "D" of "TRINIDAD" on all examples after January 1844. The earliest recorded so far is June 1840, and the strike is always in black.

4. TRINIDAD SHIP LETTER

"TRINIDAD/SHIP LETTER" in two lines, serifed letters 4½ mm. tall, is recorded in 1841 and 1848, though I have not seen the former. In the 1848 example the "s" of "SHIP" is inverted. (See illus.)

5. CROWNED CIRCLE PAID AT TRINIDAD

Two types exist both with a single line circle. The first is slightly larger in diameter, but the second has a taller crown so that both marks have the same overall height of 25 mm.

FIRST TYPE: Horizontal diameter 22½ mm., height of crown 5½ mm.

SECOND TYPE: Horizontal diameter 21¾ mm., height of crown 8¼ mm.

The mark is recorded in the proof book of the G.P.O., London, on March 21, 1852, and has been recorded in use 1854-1866 (first type) and 1863-66 (second type). A piece exists with two strikes, one in black and one in red, the former presumably struck in error. All other examples I have seen have been in red.

The crowned circle mark is found used in three ways:

(a)     Until 1858, and occasionally in 1859, on letters bearing Id. adhesive for local postage, to indicate prepayment in cash of the overseas rate.

(b)     (See illustration.) On letters having no adhesive, to indicate prepayment of full rate in cash. This seems to have been the usual practice in the period 1858-59, after prepayment to U.K. had become compulsory (October 9, 1858), but before adhesives above Id. were available (May 9, 1859). This is the only period so far in which I have seen the crowned circle used on letters bearing no adhesive. It is interesting to note that on December 27, 1858, it was officially suggested in a notice in the Trinidad Royal Gazette that Id. stamps would answer the purpose of prepayment until higher values were available. However, I have never seen an example of this.

(c)     After May 9, 1859, the mark was still used to denote prepayment, even though it was apparent from the adhesive stamps that the letters were fully franked.

 

 


 

6. TRINIDAD PAID STAMPS

The two types which occur (both diameter 24-24½ mm. and with sans-serif lettering) differ mainly in the spacing of the words "TRINIDAD" and "PAID," and in the lengths of the lines of the double circle.

In the first type the letters are wider (especially "R" and "N") with the result that the words "TRINIDAD" and "PAID" are both longer and the space marks correspondingly shorter. The first type is found 1867-75 and the second type 1868-74. The use of these marks, struck in red, is the same as in crowned circle use (c).

CANCELLATIONS IN USE BEFORE 1913

1. PEN CANCELLATION

The Lady McLeod is usually found with a pen cancellation in the form of a cross. Examples are also known not cancelled, cancelled with a series of diagonal lines (photograph in one of the R.P.S. Library copies of the British West Indies Handbook), and cancelled by skinning off a portion of the surface of the stamp.

2. NUMERAL CANCELLATIONS

In 1891, [2] Sir Edward Bacon gave the well-known list of "first Post Offices in the Island with the corresponding numbers that used to be attached to them" running from 1 to 36 with 25 and 29 vacant. From notices in the Trinidad Royal Gazette it is apparent that some of these were certainly not opened in 1851. For instance the CUNUPIA Branch Office (numeral 34) was opened at the railway station on August 24, 1880, and the CALIFORNIA District Office (35) on April 1, 1881. It is not surprising in view of this that some of these higher numerals are difficult to find, as they had a rather limited life before dated town cancellers came into use. This further information also raised the problem of which were the original offices. I give next the full extent of further research on this point:

The Trinidad Royal Gazette of August 13, 1851, Shows the original notice dated August 6, 1851, which gives details of the Inland Postal Service established under the authority of Ordnance No. 6 of 1851. It mentions twenty places having postal communication with PORT OF SPAIN, but does not specifically mention that there were Branch Offices at these places, although it does say that stamps can be bought at all Branch Offices.

The Trinidad Royal Gazette of June 18, 1862, contains the first General Report furnished by the Post Office. It is dated March 25, 1862, and is made by the Postmaster-General, William Eversley, who said: "I attempt to show the progress of the Post Office from a date as far back as I have been able to collect statistics." Details for the years 1854-61 are given. I am indebted to Mr. R. M. Leotaud of the Trinidad Philatelic Society for locating this Report and very kindly giving me the reference to it. In addition to other interesting information a numbered list of all the twenty-one Post Offices is given as follows:

INLAND SERVICE

The number of Post Offices throughout the Colony was twenty-one, which may be classified as follows:-

No. 1

The General Post Office, Port of Spain, presided over by the Postmaster-General.

No. 4

St. Juan's

By omnibus.

In charge of Senior Police Officer at the station pro tem.

No. 3

St. Joseph's

No. 6

Arouca

No. 7

Arima

No. 8

Turure

On foot

In charge of Senior Police Officer at the Station-pro tem.

No. 9

Manzanilla

No. 10

Mayaro

No. 16

Chaguanas

In charge of Post Office employee.

No. 17

Couva

Part of Southern Route per Steamer

In charge of Senior Police Officer -pro tem.

No. 2

San Fernando

In charge of Port of Spain employee.

No. 20

La Brea

In charge of Senior Police Officer pro tem.

No. 21

Cedros

In charge of Senior Police Officer-pro tem.

No. 5

Santa Cruz

Northern Route on foot

In charge of Senior Police Officer-pro tem.

No. 13

Diego Martin

Western Route on foot

In charge of Post Office employee.

No. 12

Carenage included }

No. 15

Chacachacare

Western Route by boat

In charge of Landing Waiter stationed there.

No. 14

Monos included

No. 18

Savana Grande (by tram)

San Fernando is the Forwarding Office

In charge of Police Officer at Station, pro tem.

No. 19

Oropouche(by boat)

No. 11

Blanchisseuse and Toco

No regular conveyance

In charge of Police Officer at Station, pro tom

 

This is the same as the unnumbered 1851 list, except that "BLANCHISSEUSE and TOGO" is substituted for "NARIVA."

 

I give below in table form the present extent Of the information concerning those offices which possessed numeral cancellers:

1851

Original notice

1861

P.M.G. Report

1891

B.W.I. Handbook

Date of opening where known, etc.

1.

The same list of 21 as given in1861

except NARIVA instead Of "11 BLANCHISSEUSE AND TOCO."

 No numbers are however, indicated.

PORT OF SPAIN

As 1861

2.

SAN FERNANDO

AS 1861

3.

ST. JOSEPH'S

AS 1861

4.

ST. JUAN'S

As 1861

5.

SANTA CRUZ

As 1861

6.

AROUCA

As 1861

7.

ARIMA

As 1861

8.

TURURE

TOGO

1869 [3]

9.

MANZANILLA

As 1861

10.

MAYARO

As 1861

11.

BLANCHISSEUSE AND TOCO

TUNAPUNA

1878

12.

CARENAGE

BLANCHISSEUSE

1869 [4]

13.

DIEGO MARTIN

AS 1861

14.

MONOS

MORUGA

1869 [5]

15.

CHACACHACARE

ST. MARY'S

[6]

16.

CHAGUANAS

As 1861

17.

COUVA

As 1861

18.

SAVANNA GRANDE

As 1861 (Renamed PRINCES TOWN 1880)

19.

OROPOUCHE

As 1861

As 1861

20.

LA BREA

21.

CEDROS

As 1861

22. CLAXTON BAY

1881

23. THE CEDROS STEAMER

(1859 Letter box on William Burnley)

24. ST. MADELAINE

26. ERIN

?

27. MONOS

(On 1851 list)

28. MUCURAPO

1880

30. CARAPICHAIMA

1880 or '81

31. CARONI

1880

32. ST. ANN'S

1880

33. MARAVAL

1880

34. CUNUPIA

1880

35. CALIFORNIA

1881

36. CARENAGE

(On 1851 list)

The Report of 1861 refers to three road letter boxes at MARAVAL, ST. MARY'S and SHOP D'ABADIE'S VILLAGE and seven boxes on the steamer Burnley.

Twenty-five and twenty-nine were vacant 1891. Dates are taken from Trinidad Royal Gazette or P.M.G.'s Reports.


The different types of numeral cancellers may be classified as follows:

Type 1A:

Solid circle of external diameter 23½-25½ mm. and thickness 3-4 mm. punctured by about eight small holes, and enclosing a numeral:

NUMERALS:

2 in various styles and sizes, 5(?), (7, 18).

DATE IN USE:

August 1851-September 1852.

Type IB

Circular mark made up of eleven heavy horizontal bars enclosing a numeral:

NUMERAL:

1.

DATE IN USE:

August 1851-December 1852.

Type II:

The most oft-occurring early numeral, in which horizontal and vertical bars enclose a numeral in what is roughly a square space:

NUMERALS:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (or 9?), 7, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. Also recorded: 8.

DATE IN USE:

February 1853-1879 issue.

Type III:

An oval of bars enclosing a numeral:­

NUMERALS:

1, 2. (The 5 1 had previously recorded as query genuine, I now regard as not genuine. I am sceptical about 20 which has also been recorded.)

DATE IN USE:

November 1858-December 1869.

Type IV.

Similar to Type II, but smaller and with thicker bars

NUMERALS:

1, 9 (or 6?), 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 21 (two types), 22 (two types), 23, 24.

DATE IN USE

March 1866-1876 issue.

Type V.

Roller type-somewhat similar to Type IV, but upright rectangular in format:

NUMERALS:

1. Also recorded 2, but I view this with suspicion.

DATE IN USE:

December 1870-1879 issue.

Type VI:

Upright diamond shape:

NUMERALS:

2 (3), (5), 6 (7), 9 (10), 13 (14), 23, 26, 28, 33 and 37, 38 on later issues (early 1900's).

DATE IN USE:

March 1883-July 1884.

Type VII:

Single line circle date stamp, diameter 222 mm., with numeral in the upper part of the circle. The year is sometimes given in two figures (e.g. numeral 11).

NUMERALS:

1, 2 (7), 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, small 18, 19, small 21, 23, small 23, 24 (27) (30), 31 (5 and 20 exist as back stamps).

DATE IN USE:

August 1869-March 1882.

Type VII A

As Type VII, but diameter 19 mm.

NUMERALS:

2 (1 exists as a back stamp).

DATE IN USE:

1869-1871.

Type VIII:

Narrow numeral 1 with thin bars, central space measuring 134 wide by 14 mm. found on 1876 issue.

Type IX

T and numeral duplex mark:

NUMERALS:

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (8), 9, 10, 11 (12), 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36.

DATE IN USE:

1882-1891.

 

Notes: (i) Numerals in brackets I have seen, but do not possess. Those "also recorded" I have not seen personally.

(ii) It is only in Type VI that 6 and 9 first have stops and are therefore distinguishable from one another. One example of Type IV is identifiable as 9 as it is on entire with Type VII numeral 9 back stamp.

 

3. TRINIDAD DATE STAMPS, ETC. USED AS CANCELLERS

Type 1: Trinidad double line circle date stamp of diameter 24 mm. in use August 1869 - April 1882. There are two types, similar to the corresponding two types of Trinidad Paid mark.

Type 2: Small Trinidad single line circle date stamp. Several very slightly different types with diameters between 19 and 202 mm. have been recorded from April 1882 to December 1890, and a slightly larger one, diameter 212 mm. with larger letters more widely spaced, from January 1891.

Trinidad-M.O.O.: Used in 1875.

Trinidad-Paid hand stamps were sometimes used to cancel adhesives (in black) between 1871 and 1882.

Post Office San Fernando and Arms seal type is found used on issues between 1863 and the early 1900's. This was certainly used at times as a postal canceller, since a postcard exists showing its use.

Too Late for Bag, Too Late and Registered hand stamps, and the registration stamp showing an "R" in an oval frame can all be found with the strike across adhesives of the 1863-82 issues.

Other marks found on Trinidad adhesives before 1913 include the "PARCEL POST' date stamp (from 1890), "T.P.O. ARIMA SECTION" (January-April 1899), the various gulf steamer and coastal steamer marks, "AG. SHOW P.O." (of the Agricultural Show P.O. October 1895) and "REGISTRATION TRINIDAD" date stamp. It is perhaps as well to add that the latter is quite often confused with the fiscal "REGISTRAR-GENERAL" mark (see The Stamp Lover, Vol. XLIV, Nos. 10-11, March-April issue 1952).

 

4. TOWN DATE STAMPS

The first town date stamp is the "SAN FERNANDO-M.O.O." double line circle, diameter 25½ mm., in use 1878-1882.

In the period before 1913 four main types of town date stamps may be distinguished:

Type 1: Single line circle with town name at top (no Trinidad at bottom).
Diameter: 20½-21½ mm. (CHACACHACARE, PRINCES TOWN, TABAQUITE about ½ mm. larger).
Letters: 2½-2¾ mm. tall (PRINCES TOWN, GUAYAGUAYARE 3 mm.).

Type 2: Single line circle with town name at top and Trinidad at bottom. Day of month and month always close together.
Diameter: 23-24 mm. usually (COUVA 20½ HICAcos 21½-22 and BELMONT, CAP DE VILLE, CUNUPIA, LA BREA, ST. JUAN 1 mm. larger).
Letters: 2½,-2¾ mm. tall usually, 3 mm. occasionally; PORT OF SPAIN 3¼ mm.

Type 3: As Type 2, but letters thinner, narrower and taller (3¼-3½ mm.) and diameter about 1 mm. larger. Dates usually 1907 onwards. Where a town only has one of Types 2 and 3 the distinction is not really necessary, but where both types exist the difference is quite apparent. Day of month and month spaced-occasional exceptions, but all those spaced are Type 3.

Type 4: Double line circle with town name at top and Trinidad at bottom separated by space marks.
Diameter: 25-26 mm.

 

 

 

 

The following is a list of all the town marks I have been able to discover before 1913, together with the types occurring and the earliest years recorded so far. Any further strictly relevant information is also given. I have found from experience how useful this type of list is to those who are interested in cancellations, and have therefore included it, but I have tried to keep it as brief as possible to avoid tedium. The town names themselves are not without interest from an etymological point of view. Dates of opening where I have given them, are taken from P.M.G. reports, or announcements in the Trinidad Royal Gazette. In some cases dates on which particular date stamps were sent from G.P.O. London are given. These are as recorded in the proof books at the G.P.O. I have not listed the various check letters and, occasionally, stars which are to be found above the date.

 

ARIMA.

Type 2

1888;

Type 3

1906.

AROUCA.

Type 2

1887;

Type 3

1907.

BASSETERRE.

Type 3 on S.G.140.

Opened 1908 or1909.

BELMONT.

Type 2

1892;

Type 3

1908. Opened 1.9.91.

BLANCHISSEUSE.

Type 2

1891;

Type 3

1913.

BRASSO.

Type 1

1903;

Type 3

1909. Opened 1899.

BRASSO PIEDRA.

Type 2

1912. Opened1908 or 1909.

CALIFORNIA.

Type 2

1887;

Type 3

1910.

CAPARO.

Type 4

1911. Opened 1905.

CAP DE VILLE.

Type 2

1892. Opened 1891.

CARAPACHAIMA.

Type 2

1890;

spelt CARAPICHAIMA.

Type 3

1907.

CARENAGE.

Type 2

1890;

Type 3

1907.

CARONI.

Type 2

1887;

Type 3

1907.

LAURA.

Type 1

1899. Sent from London 25.7.96.

CEDROS

Type 2

1886.

CHACACHACARE.

Type 1

Only seen after 1913 but sent from London 15.5.1900 and office on list given in 1900.

CHAGUANAS.

Type 2

1889;

Type 3

1908.

CHATHAM.

Type 1

1890. Opened 1887.

CLAXTON BAY.

Type 2

1889;

Type 3

1907.

COUVA.

Type 2

1885;

Type 4

1906.

CUMUTO.

Type 2

1898. Opened 1.12.97.

CUNUPIA.

Type 2

1888.

DABADIE.

Type 2

1890.

DIEGO MARTIN.

Type 2

1888.

ELSWICK.

Type 2

1.896.

ERIN.

Type 2

1890;

Type 3

1913.

FIVE ISLANDS.

Type 1

1909. Sent from London 14.12.98.

FLANAGIN TOWN.

Type 3

1912. Opened 1908 or 1909.

FYZABAD SETTLEMENT

No date stamp recorded.

Receiving office opened 1911 or 1912;

GASPARILLO.

Type 2

1890.

GRAN COUVA.

Type 2

1893. Opened by 1888.

GUAICO.

Type 2

1898;

Type 3

1908. Opened 1.12.97.

GUANAPO.

Type 2

1902. Opened 1.12.97.

GUAPO.

Type 3

1910. Opened 1.8.05.

GUAYAGUAYARE.

Type 1

1896. Sent from London 19.6.93.

HICACOS.

Type 2

1889.

INDIAN WALK.

Type ?

1913. Opened 2.12.95.

IROIS FOREST.

Type 2

1905;

Type 3

1901.

LA BREA.

Type 2

1888;

Type 3

1910.

LA LUNE.

Type 3

1911.

LAVENTILLE.

Type 1

1888. Opened 1.11.87.

LONGDENVILLE.

Type 3

1907. Opened 1903 or 1904.

MANZANILLA.

Type 2

1888;

Type 4

1908.

MARAVAL.

Type 2

1890. Receiving office opened 1.3.60; branch office 24.8.80.

MATELOT.

Type 4

1907. Opened by 1900.

MATURA.

Type 1

1894;

Type 3

1911. Opened May 1893.

MAYARO.

Type 2

1889;

Type 3

1910.

MAYO.

Type 4

1908. Sent from London 21.3.04.

MONOS

Type 2

1889. Sent from London 14.12.98.

MORUGA.

Type 2

1890.

MUCURAPO.

Type 2

1887.

NEW TOWN.

Type 4

1912. Opened by 1900.

OROPOUCHE.

Type 2

1888.

PENAL ROCK JUNCTION.

Type 3

1912.

POINT FORTIN

Type 3

1912.

POOLE.

Type 3

1909. Sent from London 1.6.05.

PORT OF SPAIN.

Type 2

1892;

(hour instead of check letter)

Type 4

1906.

" ALSO "G.P.O. PORT OF SPAIN

Type

1907

AND "PORT OF SPAIN M.O.O.-TRINIDAD

1906.

PRINCES TOWN.

Type 1

1899;

Type 2

1888;

Type 3

1908.

ROSE-HILL.

Type 2

1898.

ST. ANN'S.

Type 2

1887;

Type 3

1908.

ST. JOSEPH.

Type 2

1886;

Type 3

1908.

ST. JUAN.

Type 2

1889.

ST. JULIENS.

Type 1

1911. Sent from London 10.10.98.

Office opened 1.9.98.

ST. MADELAINE.

Type 2

1888.

ST. MARY'S.

Type 2

1887;

Type 3

1909.

ST. MARY'S VILLAGE MORUGA.

Type 3

1911. Opened 1908 Or 1909 as St. Mary's Moruga Road.

SAN FERNANDO.  M.O.O. 1878;

Type 1

1912;

Type 2

1885;

Type 3

1908.

SAN RAPHAEL.

Type 4

1907.

SANGRE GRANDE.

Type 2

1896;